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Flender/Flender Gear Units/Bevel-helical gearboxes B3

rectly from the measurements. Secondary or routine dosimeters give measurements that vary with the amount of energyabsorbed. The dose is estimated from calibration curve in which measurements obtainedfrom secondary dosimeter are plotted against the measurements made under similarconditions by the primary dosimeter. Once secondary dosimeters are properly calibrated, they can be used to estimate the dose absorbed by the food. Of course, secondary dosime- ter that has absorption properties that match those of the food has to be selected. Themain sources of inaccuracy are variations of dosimeter response with the dose rate, spectralenergy, dosimeter batch variations, readout anomalies, instabilities, and environmentaluctuations during and after the treatment. Therefore, it is extremely important to havea quality control procedure to test the dosimeters. The upper and lower limits of the dose of the food product for given process depend on two factors, () the dose gradients and () the dose extremes of low-density item in process run. Ceric-cerous (MDS Nordion International Inc.) is an aqueous chemical dosimeter. Ceric-cerous dosimeters are used mainly for research purposes. On irradiation, ceric ions are reduced to cerous ions. The readout system is simple, composed of an electrochemicalcell and digital multimeter. It is relatively inexpensive. The range covers most food requirements (low dose, 0.6 to 1 kGy; high dose, 5 to 5 kGy). Aqueous solutions are stored in glass ampoules that are breakable and are relatively large. It is usually used in the development of the technology. Fricke is dosimeter generally prepared in-house. The Fricke dosimeter is widely used for calibration and for comparison between laboratories. It is one of the most usefulreference dosimeters for intercomparisons by national laboratories. Aqueous solutions ofFe /H1ions are converted into Fe/H1ions. An ultraviolet spectrophotometer is used as read- out system to determine the concentration