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Flender/Flender Gear Units/Helical gearbox H4

iol) in Valencia or- ange peel. Rosenberg and colleagues ( have shown two-stage countercurrent processusing 1:2 peel-to-solvent ratio to be more efcient than stirring in vessel. Limonene was found to be more efcient solvent for the extraction of citrus peel carotenoids with recovery of 4.5 crude pigment concentrate/kg of citrus peel. Yen and Chen ( isolatedvarious xanthophylls, such as violeoxanthin, violaxanthin, violaxanthin epimer, neoxan-thin, sinesia-xanthin, -cryptoxanthin, luteinepoxide, and lutein in Taiwanese orange peel. The antioxidant effect of each pigment on soybean oil was shown to be dependent on theconcentration of each pigment. 2.3.5 Citrus Seed Oil and Meal Citrus seeds have long been recognized as source of edible oil with characteristics suit- able for human consumption. It has been an industrial practice to include seeds fromprocessed citrus fruit with the peel and pulp portion during the production of dried citrus By-Products of Fruits and Vegetables 8 feed. Since the seed contains valuable oil and protein suitable for human consumption, it would be more protable if they were processed separately and not included in feed forlivestock. The dried seeds with or without aking are pressed at high pressure in an oil expeller to recover the turbid oil, which can be claried in plate and frame lter press (. Citrus oil contains considerable quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acid and linoleic and linolenic acids. Extensive work has been done on citrus seed meal as raw material for feed purposes (. The dry oil extracted meal obtained during the oil manufacturing operation makesa valuable poultry feed. 2.3.6 Pectin The citrus fruit components such as avedo, albedo, membrane, juice vesicles, and core contain varying quantities of pectin, which is mainly in the form of protopectin. Pectinis widely used in the manufacture of foods as gelling agents, thickeners, and stabilizersof dispersed systems. Normally lemon, lime, grapefruit, and orange