Bevel-helical gear units B3 e c d D k ns t G l kg Flanged shaft HFV H B3-VV21-B

Flender/Flender Gear Units/Bevel-helical gear units B3

ort conditions 5 Hui et al. 6. Climatic conditions at origin and destination 7. Time required to reach destination8. Freight rates9. Quality of transport service 5.1 Highway Transport Highway transport is the predominant method used to haul large volumes of produce across the nation. In regions where infrastructures are well developed, highway transportis normally selected for intracontinental shipments because of the presence of well-developed road network, the reliability of transport equipment, the moderate cost of trans- portation, and the exibility to deliver any type of produce almost everywhere. Highway transport can also be combined with rail transport to deliver produce over long distanceson land. Two types of vehicles are used in highway transport: refrigerated semitrailersand intermodal containers. The latter are discussed in Sec. 5.4. Refrigerated semitrailers, often referred to as trailers , can be considered as inter- modal transport vehicles. These consist of an insulated rectangular structure with wheelsin the rear and support at the front. Uncoupled from the tractors, they can be transported on railroad atcars (piggyback or trailer-on-atcar [TOFC]). Trailers can also be driven right onto sea vessels (roll-onroll-off [RORO]) or simply hauled by tractor on thehighway (tractor-trailer). Refrigerated trailers are available in lengths of 1 (4 ft), 1.7m (4 ft), 1.6 (4 ft), or 1.2 (5 ft) (McGregor, . Most modern trailers are mechanically refrigerated with nose-mounted system. Liquid ice, liquid 2, and liquid CO 2can also be used as sources of cooling. Most trailers are equipped with top-air delivery systems, as discussed in Sec. 3.3.1. 5.2 Rail Transport Rail transport used to be the predominant method for land transport. With the increased use of highway transport, rail transport has steadily declined. This mode of transport isstill used in regions where roads or highways are not well developed. Four different vehi- cles can be used for rail tran