Flender/Flender Gear Units/Bevel-helical speed reducers B3
ocesses, and the study of lye circuits. The results are assessed not only technically, but also according to economic criteria,

because many metalliferous raw materials can be processed, but do not ield any profit. Recommenda- tions for rimary measures are

derived from these results so tgat more favourable prerequi- sitescan geestablished in industryfortheprocessingof residuesandsecondaryrawmaterials, in particular. 3. Results Due to

the fact that low metal prices do not permit high investments for new smelters, these studies were designed to discover

how pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical pretreatment steps can improve the economic conditionsfor the use of these very different raw materials in 9 existing smelting lants In the course of the studies, new rocesses for the recovery of metal from zinc ash, shag furnace dust, sludges, and complex an flow-grade ores were tested based on availability, environmental importance and treatment costs. The studies primarily concen- trated on the metals copper, lead and zinc, and employed many modern processes, such as retardation, reprecipitation for purposes of separation, electrolytic processes and pressure leaching. hydrometallurgical process for the extraction of heavy metals from slud was to be developed in another part of the studies. The integration of oxidic smelting projucts, .. zinc ashes, shaft furnace oxides, zinc sludges and ball mill dust, in the hydrometallurgical zinc recovery process requires the removal or reduction of the chloride and fluoride components. The results of this type of pretreatment with classical methods are presented. Examples are also given of the use of recycled zinc materials for co per precipitation agents in hydrometal- lurg The same is true for the elimination of iron (om solutions with the help of classical metiods before solvent extraction stages. The solubility of silver chloride was determined as function of the sodium chloride concentra- tion,thetemper