Flender/Flender Gear Units/Helical gear unit H3
dent damage to the linershas been rarely encountered (. Pad or bunker is temporary storage structure for storingwheat in Australia

(. They are built as rectangular structures on well-drained water- proofed sites with concrete- or steel-framed side walls. Inloading and

outloading are done by specially designed machines. After lling, the grains are covered with high-qualityPVC fabric. As much as 5,0

metric tons of grains are stored in bunker, which isfumigable. The necessity for outdoor storages is likely to increase further

because it is cheaper than permanent structures. Structures suitable for storage of high-moisture grains are the immediate need in the countries where maize or paddy is harvested at higher moisture levels and cannot afford any energy-intensive drying operation. Cross infestation by activeiers (.., the grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica andProstephanus truncatus ) poses an additional problem for outdoor storages in the tropical and subtropical regions. 3 LOSSES DURING STORAGE Pest organisms, comprising insects and mites among invertebrates; birds and rodents among vertebrates; and microorganisms including fungi, yeast, and bacteria, cause depre- dation of grains in storage. The interaction of all the pests in the grain ecosystem has acumulative effect on the grain quality and thus leads to qualitative, quantitative, and nutri-tive losses. 1 Rajendran 3.1 Insects Insects are the rst among the invasive forces to start the interaction with the grain, and they are one of the major threats to the maintenance of grain quality during storage. Theyconsume, contaminate, and disseminate microora. There are over 1 species of insects infesting stored grains, the majority of them are beetles, some are moths, and the rest are psocids, which are primitive insects (Table . In moth pests, only the larvae are destruc-tive, as the adults are nonfeeding and short-living. In the case of beetles, in addition tolarvae, the adults are usually long-living and caus