Bevel-helical gear reducers B4 Article No supplement for th to th position B4SV-5-C

Flender/Flender Gear Units/Bevel-helical gear reducers B4

stack containers below the deck. Typically, containers can be stacked six to nine high below deck, andthree to four high above deck. In the latter case, the containers are clamped and lashed to hatch covers as well as to the decks (International Institute of Refrigeration, . Container ships can generally accommodate all types of containers, including insulatedporthole containers, mechanically refrigerated containers, and dry cargo containers. Since loading and unloading of containers are much more rapid than the breakbulk handling of ships cargo, savings in port time is an important advantage of container Transportation and Handling 5 ships. Also, the containers cargo is handled fewer times and is subjected to fewer interrup- tions in refrigeration than when it is handled by the breakbulk system. Therefore, thequality of the produce once it reaches the destination should be better than when it ishandled by the breakbulk system in conventional refrigerated ships. However, containerships can be only loaded and unloaded in ports equipped with special cranes and handling equipment that can lift and lower containers. Refrigerated containers for marine transport have essentially the same construction, insulation, and temperature control systems as those for use exclusively on truck chassisand railroad atcars. The principal additional requirement for sea containers is sufcientstructural strength to permit stacking six to nine units high and to withstand the strainsof accelerations and decelerations experienced aboard ships and road vehicles (Ryall and Lipton, 1; International Institute of Refrigeration, . The bottoms of marine con- tainers can withstand these strains only with the help of corner castings. The upper facealso has low resistance to compression. Therefore, the handling and loading of containers require specially designed devices, at the port, on the dock, and on board. These include straddle carriers and spreader cranes (International Institute of Refri