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raws, and unthreshed wheat also become mixed with the wheat mass. Broken,shrunken, thin and immature wheat kernels (green kernels) are also considered undesir-able, as they pose various kinds of problems in quality and processing. There are alsovarious types of grain defects, damages due to the environment, microbial contamination,and infestation that may cause concern to the miller and, in worst case, may even render the wheat unsuitable for processing. With proper grading system in place, as in major grain-exporting countries, tolerance levels for all of the factors listed as part of the gradingfactors are established. This is the only way that quality can be protected, for these defectscannot be separated from the wheat. Major exporting countries also have limits set ontotal foreign material that particular class and grade of wheat may contain. Wheat from various sources may contain as little as 0.5% to as high as more than 5% of foreign material. These levels may not include shrunken and broken, or diseased and damaged kernels. The objective of the cleaning house is very simple: to perform meticulous removal of all foreign material that comes along with the wheat, including shrunken, broken, andimmature kernels, before the wheat is sent for tempering or conditioning. 3.2.3 Principles of Cleaning When we examine the physical properties of all of the foreign material and compare them individually with the wheat, we would nd certain clear distinctions among them. Themachine-manufacturing companies have taken advantage of these differences in theirphysical behavior to isolate these foreign materials from the wheat mass. Table 2 showsa grouping of the foreign material relative to common characteristics for their removalfrom wheat. The table also shows the principle that has been applied in the machine for removal and as well as the types of equipment that are used. 3.2.4 Cleaning House Equipment 3.2.4.1 Separator The separator is used for cleaning wheat and in man