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e premises and the level of infestation and the type of infestation form part of the pest management operations.Their presence and identication can be accomplished by making observations on thedroppings, urine stains, hairs, foot prints, greasy paths, characteristic odor in the premises,and damaged structures and grain bags by gnawing and by live rat movements (. Thesize and lengths of the fecal pellets vary among species. Because rats move or run on the same pathway close to the walls, the runways can be located by dusting the area to depth of 4 mm. The infestations can also be conrmed by the presence of damaged metaland plastic pipes, electrical cable, and wooden structures. Knowledge about the type and degree of rodent infestation in the premises is essen- tial for understanding suitable control measures. Various control methods are availablefor rodent control (Table . They are not equally effective against all species. The basic approach in rodent control is to prevent the rodents from reaching the food grains by arranging suitable barriers in building structures and by rodent-proong. Unnecessary Table 4 Methods of Rodent Control Lethal methods Nonlethal methods Trapping Hygiene/sanitation Chemical Barriers/exclusionPredators Rodent-proongPathogens Chemosterilants Repellants Grain Storage: Perspectives and Problems 1 openings that are accessible to rats must be blocked with sheet metal, expanded metal to concrete so that the rats do not gnaw to enter. The ventilators and windows should becovered with wire of 1- 3-cm 2opening size for rats and 0.6-cm2size for mice. Exclusion of mice needs greater care as they can squeeze in through smaller apertures. Sanitationwithin and around the storage facilities should be given priority in control strategies. Spill- age should not be allowed and routine dusting, sweeping and disposal of trash and refuse are important. Dead storage areas in godowns, at storages, and other storage structuresneed special attention. Areas s