Flender/Flender Gear Units/Helical gear unit H2
al handling of workpieces between machining, heat treatment, and assembly stations whenever ible. This is particularly true where there are

high production volumes, such as at automotive plants. In general, such material-handling devices reduce production time, the number of required

workers, and factory floor space. In most instances, such automated material handling is developed and produced in-house by the company'

mechanics, or with the assistance of robot vendors. Some firms, though, purchase standard material-handling robots or material-handling machine tool accessories,

such as palletizers. Multiple workpieces can be automatically loaded, machined, and unloaded, resulting in machine tools that can operate virtually unattended for as much as 4 hours, if not longer, depending upon the part being cut. Many industries have instituted quality control procedures originally developed in the United States and later improved upon in their factories. Japan' reputation for manufacturing quality products is widely-known. Japanese producers have successfully implemented measures that have increased quality and decreased the number of products ultimately rejected. Such quality procedures include not only company philosophy, but also just-in-time methods, kitting, operator attention to detail, statistical process control (SPC), and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). TPM results in substantial increases in productivity through decreases in rejects and machine downtime, along with reduced plant machinery maintenance costs, inventories, worker injuries, and pollution. The JGMA has taken the lead in developing Japanese gear standards. 1 Japanese manufac- turers and customers generally use the Japan Industrial Standards (JIS), established by the Japan Standards Association, government agency, or standards published by JGMA. Many of the JIS were adopted from JGMA standards. Also widely used are the AGMA standards, and to lesser extent